It also provides additional knowledge on comparative international research on cross-cultural PE attitudes. This study shows adolescent students’ attitudes toward PE were generally positive, complex, and affected by sex and nationality.
Finally, Filipino boys had less positive view towards their PE teacher than Korean boys. Korean boys were highly satisfied, more comfortable, and less anxious during PE compared with Filipino boys. Based on the different aspects of PE, Filipino girls were more motivated to participate in PE activities and more satisfied with their PE class than Korean girls. Korean boys were more positive compared with Filipino boys, while the reverse was found for Korean females and their Filipino counterparts. Overall, students had moderately positive attitudes toward PE. The Physical Education Attitude Scale (PEAS) was used to measure students’ PE attitudes. Participants were 451 middle school students from the Philippines and South Korea. This study examined adolescent male and female students’ attitudes toward physical education (PE) from the Philippines and South Korea. This paper examines the construction of the ‘modern Malay’ identity in Ramlee’s films and the nationalist discourse in Ramlee’s films as an attempt at producing the idea of a nation as a continuous narrative of national progression by presenting the postcolonial Malays as a modern, successful and dominant force. The nature of these representations enunciates the context of an ‘imagined community’ which locates the formation of a particular type of nationalism within a social, political and cultural communicative space. As such, the articulation of the politics of inclusion and exclusion in Ramlee’s films articulates a right-wing nationalist sentiment that upholds the sovereignty of the dominant Malays while undermining other ethnic communities. While existing as a capitalist film culture located within an ethnically diverse society, early Malaysian cinema through Ramlee have produced a significant number of mono-ethnic representations solely focused on the culture, language and lifestyles of the Malays. Aptly termed as ‘Malaynisation’, this process occurred during the Golden Age of Malaysian cinema through the films of P. Early Malaysian national cinema disseminates a social reconstruction process aimed at reconstructing Malay supremacy at the centre of a specific geographical, political, economic and cultural space.
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